Evaluation of Gordes zeolites in terms of mineralogical, geochemical and environmental effects
Keywords:
zeolites, geochemistry, mineralogy, heavy metal/radiogenic element pollution, Gördes
Abstract
In this study, zeolites in Gördes Basin were investigated in terms of their geological, mineralogical, geochemical and environmental effects. For his purpose, rock samples were collected from the area and investigated for geochemical and mineralogical properties of zeolite minerals using XRF (such as major element oxides, minor and trace elements) and XRD (for minerals). According to chemical analysis: the ranges of major oxides and loss of ignition (LOI) values are 0.1 to 1.6% for Na2O, 0.2 to 12.4% for Mg, 1.5 to 15.5% for Al2O3, 32.2 to 73.7% for SiO2, 0.3 to 4.4% for K2O and 0.9 to 17.0% for CaO and 6.55 to 30.30% for LOI. According to XRD analysis, zeolite minerals were mainly clinoptilolite and rarely is heulandite type. In some part of area, both of zeolite minerals, eg. clinoptilolite and heulandite were found together. SEM-EDX analysis is carried out on some samples, and both results obtained from XRD analysis are confirmed by SEM. On the basis of geological, geochemical, and mineralogical studies, general properties of the area were brought out. In addition, Gördes Basin has been environmentally evaluated in terms of zeolitisation and zeolite mineral types. It has been concluded that there is no negative environmental risk in this regard, since there are no minerals such as erionite with fibrous structure from zeolite group minerals. However, it is thought that the silica dust risk, which is frequently encountered in zeolitisation areas during mining operations in the field, should be taken into account. The risk of heavy metal contamination caused by zeolitisation, hydrothermal alteration was also examined in the area, and the presence of a radiogenic element/heavy metal pollution risk caused by zeolitisation, hydrothermal alteration and radiogenic element was determined especially for Cr, Rb, Sr, Pb, Th and U elements.
References
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[3] Kayabalı K. Engineering aspects of a novel landfill material: Bentonite amended natural. Engineering Geology 1997; 46.
[4] Iijima A. Geology of natural zeolites and zeolitic rocks. Proceedings of the Filth International Conference on Zeo- IRes. Naples, Italy: 1980:103–108.
[5] Bish F, Guthrie G. Clays and zeolites. In: G.D. Guthrie and B.T. Mossmann (ed.), Health Effects of Mineral Dusts. Rev. Mineral. 1994:28:168-184.
[6] Esenli F, Özperek I. Zeolitic diagenesis of the Neogene basin in the vicinity of Gördes and mineralogy of heulandite- clinoptinolite. Bull Geol Congress Turkey 1993; 8:1–18.
[7] Vural A. Avliyana (Torul-Gümüşhane) Antimonit Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojisi-Mineralojisi ve Kökeninin Araştırılması. Gümüşhane: 2016.
[8] Albayrak M. Manisa (Gördes) bölgesi zeolitlerinin mineralojik, kimyasal ve teknolojik incelenmesi. Kibited 2010; 1:273–285.
[9] Vural A, Albayrak M. Gördes ve Çevresi Zeolitlerinin Mineralojisi. 58. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı (58th Geological Congress of Turkey) (11-17 Nisan 2005). Ankara, Türkiye: 2005:140–141.
[10] Esenli F. Geological, mineralogical, and geochemical investigation of Neogene series and zeolitization in the vicinity of Gördes. Istanbul, Turkey: 1992.
[11] Türkbileği H. İzmir (Cumaovası-Urla-Çeşme-Karaburun) ve Manisa (Gördes Akhisar) zeolit yatakları maden jeolojisi raporu. Ankara: 1988.
[12] Albayrak M. Batı Anadolu, Trakya, Kapadokya Yöresi Zeolitleri Mineralojik Veri Kitabı. Ankara: 2008.
[13] Vural A, Aydal D. Determination of Lithological Differences and Hydrothermal Alteration Areas by Remote Sensing Studies: Kısacık (Ayvacık-Çanakkale, Biga Peninsula, Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 2020.
[14] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Tecninique Aplication on Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kisacik) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 TM Data. 30th Anniversary Fikret Kurtman Geology Symposium, Selçuk Univ. Geology Eng. Dep. Absracts Book, (in Turkish with English abstract). 2006:195.
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[16] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Investigation of Kuşçayırı-Kartaldağı (Bayramiç-Çanakkale) mineral enhancement region by Crosta technique with LANDSAT 7 ETM+ bands. Technical University of İstanbul, First Remote Sensing Workshop and panel book, 11p in Turkish with English abstract. 2006.
[17] Aydal D, Vural A, Taşdelen-Uslu İ, Aydal, Emine G. Crosta Technique Application On Bayramic (Alakeçi-Kısacık) Mineralized Area By Using Landsat 7 Etm+ Data. J FacEngArch Selcuk Univ 2007; 22:29–40.
[18] Corumluoglu O, Vural A, Asri I. Determination of Kula basalts (geosite) in Turkey using remote sensing techniques. Arabian Journal of
Geosciences 2015; 8:10105–10117.
[19] Vural A, Corumluoglu O, Asri İ. Exploring Gördes Zeolite Sites by Feature Oriented Principle Component Analysis of LANDSAT Images. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016; 14:285–298.
[20] Vural A, Corumluoglu O, Asri I. Zeolitleşmelerin Uzaktan Algılama Metotlarıyla Tespit Edilmesi: Gördes (Manisa) Örneği. 14. Türkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı. 2013.
[21] Okay Aİ, Harris NBW, Kelley SP. Exhumation of blueschists along a Tethyan suture in northwest Turkey. Tectonophysics 1998; 285:275–299.
[22] Candan O, Çetinkaplan M, Oberhänsli R, Rimmelé G, Akal C. Alpine high-P/low-T metamorphism of the Afyon Zone and implications for the metamorphic evolution of Western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 2005; 84:102–124.
[23] Şengör AMC, Satır M, Akkök R. Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan- African basement in Turkey. Tectonics 1984; 3:693–707.
[24] Stampli GM, Borel GD. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002; 196:17–33.
[25] Candan O, Koralay OE, Topuz G, Oberhänsli R, Fritz H, Collins AS, Chen F. Late Neoproterozoic gabbro emplacement followed by early Cambrian eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif (W. Turkey): Implications on the final assembly of Gondwana. Gondwana Research 2016; 34:158–173.
[26] Bingöl E. Geotechnical Evolution of Western Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 1976; 86:14–34.
[27] Candan O, Oberhänsli R, Dora OÖ, Çetinkaplan M, Koralay E, Rimmelé G, Chen F, Akal C. Polymetamorphic Evolution of the Pan-African Basement and Palaeozoic–Early Tertiary Cover Series of the Menderes Massif. Bulletin Of The Mineral Research and Exploration 2011; 142:121–163.
[28] Candan O, Dora OÖ, Oberhänsli R, Koralay E, Çetinkaplan M, Akal C, Satir M, Chen F. Menderes Masifinin Pan-Afrikan Temelinin Stratigrafisi Ve Gondvana’nın Geç Neoproterozoyik / Kambriyen Evrimi ile ilişkisi. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 2011; 142:25–68.
[29] Brinkmann R. Geotektonische Gliederung von Westanatolien. Neues Jahrbuch Fur Geologie Und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 1966:603–618.
[30] Schuiling RD. Türkiye’nin Güneybatısındaki Menderes Masifi Migmatitik Kompleksinin Petrolojisi, Yapısı ve Yaşı Hakkında. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 1962; 58:71–84.
[31] Konak N, Akdeniz N, Öztürk EM. Geology of South Menderes Masifi Guide Book for Field. Excursion along Western Anatolia, Turkey. Ankara, Türkiye: 1987.
[32] Oberhänsli R, Candan O, Dora OÖ, Dürr SH. Eclogites within the Menderes Massif/western Turkey. Lithos 1997; 41:135–150.
[33] Dora O, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay E, Dürr S. Revision of “Leptite-gneisses†in the Menderes Massif: A supracrustal metasedimentary origin. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2001; 89:836–851.
[34] Çağlayan MA, Öztürk EM, Sav H, Akat U. Menderes Masifi’nin Güneyine ait Bulgular ve Yapısal Yorum. TMMOB JMO Yayını Sayı 10; 1980.
[35] Hetzel R, Reischmann T. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneiss in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile exten-sional metamorphism. Geological Magazine 1996; 133:505–572.
[36] Akkök R. Structural and metamorphic evolution of the northern part of the Menderes Massif: New data from the Derbent area and their implication for the tectonics of the massif. Journal of Geology 1983; 91:342–350.
[37] Dürr S. Über Alter und geotektonische Stellung des Menderes-Kristallins/SW-Anatolien und seine Äquivalente in der mittleren Aegaeis. University of Marburg, Lahn, 1975.
[38] Özer S, Sözbilir H, Özkar I, Toker V, Sari B. Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous–Palaeogene sequences in the southern and eastern Menderes Massif (western Turkey). International Journal of Earht Sciences 2001; 89:852–866.
[39] Oberhänsli R, Candan O, Wilke F. Menderes Masifinin orta kesimindeki Pan-Afrikan eklojitlerine ait jeokronolojik veriler. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2010; 19:431–447.
[40] Dannat C. Geochemie, geochronologie und Nd-Sm Isotopie der granitoiden Kerngneiss des Menderes Massivs, SW-Turkey. , Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, 1997.
[41] Koralay OE. Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of granitic gneisses and leucocratic orthogneisses at the eastern part of Ödemiþ-Kiraz submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African and Triassic magmatic activities. Graduate School of Natural Science, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, 2001.
[42] Seyitoğlu G, Scott BC. Age of Alaşehir graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal 1996; 31:1–11.
[43] Hetzel R, Ring U, Akal C, Troesch M. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of Geological Society London 1995; 152:639–654.
[44] Candan O, Koralay OE, Akal C, Kaya O, Oberhänsli R, Dora OÖ, Konak N, Chen F. Supra-Pan-African unconformity between core and cover series of the Menderes Massif/Turkey and its geological implications. Precambrian Research 2011; 184:1–23.
[45] Ersoy YE, Helvaci C, Palmer MR. Stratigraphic, structural and geochemical features of the NE-SW trending Neogene volcano-sedimentary basins in western Anatolia: Implications for associations of supra-detachment and transtensional strike-slip basin formation in extensional tectonic setti. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2011; 41:159–183.
[46] Purvis M. The Late Tertiary–Recent tectonic-sedimentary evolution of extensional sedimentary basins of the Northern Menderes Massif. 1998.
[47] Şengör A, Yılmaz Y. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 1981; 75:181–241.
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Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Vural, A., & Albayrak, M. (2020). Evaluation of Gordes zeolites in terms of mineralogical, geochemical and environmental effects . Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 9(2), 1503-1520. Retrieved from http://journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/216
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