Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science

Design Principles and Challenges in Achieving Zero-Energy Manufacturing Facilities

Charles Onyeka Nwamekwe — 2025-06-30

The global push towards sustainability has amplified the importance of Zero-Energy Manufacturing Facilities (ZEMFs), which aim to achieve energy neutrality by balancing energy consumption with on-site renewable generation. This research explores the foundational principles, design considerations, and challenges inherent in realizing ZEMFs. It begins by addressing the architectural and engineering design principles, emphasizing energy-efficient materials, passive design strategies, and optimal site selection to maximize natural resource utilization. The study also delves into advanced technological integrations, such as renewable energy systems, smart energy management, and industrial energy recovery solutions, which are critical for achieving operational energy balance. Furthermore, the research identifies economic, regulatory, and technical challenges, such as high initial costs, evolving policy landscapes, and integration complexities, that hinder the widespread adoption of ZEMFs. By proposing scalable frameworks and actionable recommendations, this study contributes to the development of sustainable manufacturing practices, aligning with global climate goals and industrial decarbonization efforts. The findings underscore the transformative potential of ZEMFs in reducing environmental footprints while ensuring economic viability, paving the way for future advancements in sustainable industrial operations.

Investigation into the Use of R-1234ze Refrigerant in Laptop Heat Pipes

Taha Yasin Korkmaz — 2025-06-30

Laptops, especially their processors and other electronic circuit elements, constantly generate heat in a limited space and can reach very high temperatures. These extreme temperatures and the heat generated by these temperatures can cause serious damage to the computer's electronic system. Therefore, it is very important to effectively transfer thermal energy to the environment and reduce system temperatures to safe operating levels to ensure the continued functionality of electronic systems and components. To achieve this, heat pipes are often preferred for cooling in computer systems. This study experimentally compared the usability and thermal performance of the new generation R-1234ze coolant instead of the existing water-methanol mixed liquid in the heat pipe of a Levona brand laptop. The experiments were conducted under idle, normal load (video viewing), and maximum load operating conditions. In each of these environments, temperature measurements were made from thermocouples placed at four different points on the heat pipe every 5 seconds for 20 minutes. The internal CPU temperature of the laptop and temperatures at four different points on the heat pipe were evaluated for both the water-methanol fluid and R-1234ze refrigerant. Experimental studies were carried out for water-methanol mixture fluid and R-1234ze, and the results were compared. Furthermore, a natural convection heat transfer analysis was performed, comparing the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for both cases. In addition, natural convection heat transfer analysis was performed to compare the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for both cases. The experimental results show that the R-1234ze coolant can be used effectively in notebook computer heat pipes and has very good thermal performance.

Air Source Heat Pumps for Decarbonizing of Space Heating and Cooling: Performance Simulation with TRNSYS

Sher Shah Amarkhail — 2025-06-30

Heat pumps can play an important role in meeting global targets for energy savings and low carbon emissions. Air source heat pump is an energy-efficient technology that allows heating at different ambient temperatures. ASHPs can be used in different climates, from -25°C to +50°C. It presents the ASHP applications all over the world and highlights the measures to be taken to accelerate the use of ASHPs in buildings. The current study introduces a numerical model of the TRNSYS software and MATLAB programming to investigate the efficiency of a heat pump system in the climates of Afghanistan. The simulations incorporate hourly weather data specific to each city and detailed representations of the heat pump systems. This study calculates the heat pumps' performances and energy consumption over a year for each city, considering the dynamic interaction between the systems, the buildings, and the outdoor environments. The results provide insights into the heat pumps' efficiencies, including COP values for heating modes, annual energy consumptions, and indoor temperature profiles. Comparative analyses across the cities allow for the evaluation of the impact of different climates on the heat pumps' performances. The results provide valuable insights for making well-informed decisions regarding energy-efficient heating solutions customized for the unique climates of Afghanistan.

Development of a Thermodynamically Froth Flotation System for Gold Recovery from Ores

Salihu S. Yaru — 2025-06-30

Gold production is very critical to national development. It supports socio- economic development of a nation; therefore there is a need for constant research in the area of enhancing its concentration in such a way to avoid environmental degradation and risk. A laboratory flotation machine for the recovery of gold from their ores was developed using thermodynamically froth design principles. The units and systems that constitute the machine are: cell unit of 5 litres water capacity, where pulp is contained and bubbles are generated; cell chassis, which consists of the frame base, frame stand and frame table which serves as support for different components-the motor, cell unit, and the shaft of froth flotation machine; agitation system (impeller), consists of impeller shaft screwed to the impeller disc for the purpose of agitating the pulp and reagents for proper conditioning; and control unit which consists of the speed controller, air regulator and air flow meter. Fabrication of the machine was carried using locally sourced materials by soldering and welding techniques. The machine was tested and the result was compared with similar imported standard machine. The results revealed gold recoverability difference of 3.45 % between the standard and the fabricated machine. The locally fabricated gold refinery, apart from its 70% cost savings, will enrich gold mining industries and promote foreign exchange earnings as well.

The Prospects for Electricity Generation from Biomass in African Countries

Kamil Kaygusuz — 2025-06-30

One of the biggest challenges facing developing countries is their energy sector. Electricity shortages are becoming increasingly worrying in some of these countries, partly due to over-reliance on fossil fuels that cannot reliably meet their energy needs. These fuels are considered environmentally harmful, causing environmental damage through greenhouse gas emissions. It is high time these countries focused their efforts on clean and renewable energy sources, such as biomass energy. Africa has sufficient reserves of residual biomass but has not made any progress in developing renewable energy sources. These could have been of paramount importance for the country's economic growth and alleviated the problem of intermittent energy supply. This study examines the situation in Africa regarding plant biomass production and some of the measures taken so far to efficiently utilize biomass for energy generation, using Nigeria as a case study.

Changes in the Understanding of Cultural Heritage from the Twentieth Century to the Present and its Effects on International Conservation Legislation

Mehmet Erdem Eryazıcıoglu — 2025-06-30

Cultural heritage, encompassing both tangible and intangible elements, serves as a fundamental component of humanity's identity and facilitates a connection with the past. Due to this characteristic, the conservation of cultural heritage has become one of the significant issues on humanity's agenda in the 21st century. Accordingly, defining principles, objectives, strategies, and tools for the preservation of the authenticity and integrity of cultural heritage at the international level is of vital importance. This study identifies its research problem as: "Which dynamics have influenced the transformation of the cultural heritage concept, and how has this transformation impacted international conservation legislation?" The aim of the study is to examine the evolution of the cultural heritage concept, the underlying reasons for this transformation, and its reflections on international conservation legislation. To achieve this aim, international conventions developed by supranational organizations from the early 20th century-when cultural heritage legislation first emerged-until the present day have been analyzed. The selection of conventions was based on their introduction of innovative perspectives and their status as foundational texts. The analysis was conducted using five criteria: the validity scale of the convention, its subject matter, the key concepts employed, the underlying approach to cultural heritage, and the nature of the changes it embodies. The research findings reveal that, over approximately a century, the understanding of cultural heritage has undergone three distinct phases: institutionalization, diversification, and localization. It has also been determined that international conservation legislation has continuously evolved in response to these changes, aiming to define principles, strategies, and tools complied to each period.

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Fiber Direction and GNP Reinforcement on the Structural Behavior of CARALL FML Composites

Mustafa Dundar — 2025-06-30

The design of lighter structures to reduce fuel costs and ensure environmental sustainability has become one of the primary goals for aircraft manufacturers and researchers in the aerospace industry. In this context, fiber metal laminate (FML) structures, which are distinguished by their superior fatigue resistance and mechanical properties, have gained significant attention in aerospace applications. Among the newest and most advanced types of FMLs, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates (CARALL) have emerged as a focal point of research. In this study, CARALL FML composites—representing a novel member of the FML family—were fabricated with a 3/2 stacking sequence and two different fiber directions (0°–0° and 0°–90°), both with and without 0.5 wt.% Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) reinforcement using the hot press molding method. The fabricated specimens were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D3039 and three-point bending tests according to ASTM D790 standards. The results revealed that fiber direction is the most influential parameter affecting mechanical performance, while the addition of 0.5 wt.% GNP led to a reduction in both tensile and flexural strength.

Levelized Cost of Hydropower Projects for Sustainable Electricity Generation

Kamil Kaygusuz — 2025-06-30

Well-planned hydropower projects can contribute to a sustainable energy supply. Energy planners, investors, and other stakeholders need up-to-date knowledge to make informed decisions about hydropower projects. Hydropower is sensitive to environmental influences and climate change. Although global potential is expected to increase slightly with global climate change, some countries will face declining potential and increased risks. Adaptation measures are necessary to ensure sustainable hydropower utilization. Hydropower costs are generally low but depend heavily on location. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for the rehabilitation and modernization of hydropower facilities ranges from as little as USD 0.01/kWh for additional capacity of an existing hydropower project to approximately USD 0.05/kWh for a more expensive modernization project, assuming a 10% capital cost. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for large hydropower projects typically ranges between USD 0.02 and 0.19/kWh, assuming a 10% capital cost. This makes the best hydropower projects the most cost-effective electricity generation option available today. Levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) for small hydropower plants in developing countries range between $0.02 and $0.10 per kilowatt-hour. This makes small hydropower a very cost-effective option for supplying electricity to the grid. For very small hydropower plants, costs can be higher, resulting in LCOEs of $0.27 per kilowatt-hour or more.

Immersive Digital Twin Integration in the Metaverse for Supply Chain Resilience and Disruption Management

Charles Onyeka Nwamekwe — 2025-06-30

The growing complexity and volatility of global supply chains necessitate the adoption of advanced technological solutions to enhance resilience and disruption management. This research explores the integration of immersive Digital Twins (DTs) within the Metaverse as a transformative approach to mitigating supply chain risks. Digital Twins, augmented with Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain, offer real-time predictive analytics, simulation, and decision-making capabilities. The study examines the role of the Metaverse in enhancing supply chain visualization, predictive risk management, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Furthermore, it identifies key challenges such as high infrastructure costs, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and regulatory constraints while proposing future research directions in AI-driven autonomous decision-making, advancements in edge computing and 6G connectivity, and the development of standardization frameworks. By leveraging immersive DTs in the Metaverse, organizations can improve supply chain agility, optimize crisis response, and ensure sustainable operations in an increasingly unpredictable business environment.

Effect of Using R-1234ze Refrigerant Instead of Water-Methanol Fluid in Laptop Heat Pipes on CPU Temperature

Taha Yasin Korkmaz — 2025-06-30

Excessive temperatures generated by the CPU in laptop computers across various operating environments can lead to significant damage to electronic components. To mitigate this, heat pipes are employed. Within these heat pipes, refrigerants are used to effectively transfer heat from the laptop's CPU to the surroundings, thereby reducing system temperatures to safe operating levels and ensuring the continuous functionality of electronic systems and components. Traditionally, a water-methanol mixture has been utilized as the working fluid in heat pipes.

This study experimentally compares the usability of the next-generation R-1234ze refrigerant as a replacement for the water-methanol mixture fluid in the heat pipe of an Intel Core processor-equipped laptop, based on temperature measurement results. Experiments were conducted under three distinct operating conditions: idle, normal load (during video playback), and maximum load. Internal CPU temperature measurements were taken every 5 seconds for 20 minutes in each environment using the Core Temp software.

The internal CPU temperature variations were evaluated for both the water-methanol mixture fluid and the new generation R-1234ze refrigerant. The experimental results indicate that the R-1234ze refrigerant can indeed be utilized in laptop heat pipes and exhibits promising thermal performance.

Sustainability Study of Telecommunication Towers: Comparing Lattice 4-Legged with 3-Legged Structures Under Increased Equipment Load Tenancy Ratios

Fred Balikabya — 2025-06-30

The Rapid expansion of telecommunication infrastructure necessitates the optimization of tower designs for sustainability and structural integrity. This study evaluates the mechanical performance of lattice 4-legged and 3-legged self-supported telecommunication towers under increasing equipment load tenancy ratios. Using finite element analysis (FEA) in ANSYS 2025 R1 workbench software design modeler to develop the 2D models of tower structures, modal analysis is performed to assess the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and critical stress points. Static structural analysis is performed to assess the tower equipment tenancy load ratios impact on Total deformation, directional deformation along the X-axis, and direct stress. The study results indicated that the 4-legged lattice steel tower structure design model exhibited higher natural frequencies, 12% greater than the 3-legged lattice steel tower structure design model, which showed enhanced stiffness and sustainability. The study also indicated 3-legged lattice steel tower structure design model exhibited increased stress concentration at XBX bracing joints, with 16% greater total deformation than the 4-legged lattice steel tower structure design model. The 4-legged tower design offered better and superior mechanical stability with lower potential failure risks. This study research findings will provide important engineering knowledge to policymakers in the telecommunication industry for infrastructure sustainability and safety

Air Source Heat Pumps for Low-Carbon Energy Transition and Sustainable Building Air-Conditioning

Sher Shah Amarkhail — 2025-06-30

Air-source heat pumps (AHPs) have recently been touted as a significant energy-saving technology and a potential path to decarbonizing space heating. However, recent studies suggest that in cold climates like Minnesota, all-electric AHP systems achieve these energy savings at higher initial and operating costs than natural gas-heated homes. This study examines dual-fuel (or hybrid) applications that combine AHPs and natural gas heating to reduce the high operating costs of all-electric AHP systems. Dual-fuel AHP products can replace central air conditioning and be integrated with existing natural gas heating systems. This configuration allows for the use of gas heat or AHPs for space heating, depending on economics and customer priorities. This product category can serve as an entry-level application for PACAs, familiarizing consumers and installers with PACA technology and enabling them to realize most of the savings of PACA systems while minimizing the barriers to all-electric PACA installations.

Runway Intrusion Detection Using Deep Learning

Umit Yesilyurt — 2025-06-30

A large number of people use airports intensively for travel and transportation. However, the excess number and the traffic density can cause potential crimes at airports. With the development of technology and security management strategies, the possibility of accidents and attacks is reduced by increasing safety measures. For such reason, security systems are used to monitor the terminal and passengers and reveal any vulnerabilities. The incidents that develop or are likely to develop at airports are detected by these systems. Applications such as border violations and tracking, and prevention attempting to enter the runway during takeoff or landing are carried out around the airport. In this study, early warning systems, which are a critical issue for airport security, were examined. Focusing on object detection, image processing methods by the YOLOv10 model are introduced to prevent threats around the airport. Imaginary border violation scenarios determined by object detection and classification were evaluated. As a result, the classification success rates for tree, human, and animal (cat) were determined as 99%, 94%, and 100% for the testing dataset.

Aircraft Frames: Dominant Parameters Thresholds, Data Mining for Components Integrity and Pre-Failure Assessment Determination.

Michael Oseromi — 2025-06-30

Concerning airframe fault analysis of aircraft, there is a need for a foundation upon which the knowledge and informed decisions are based. The foundation for this knowledge and informed decisions is data. It is important because it is essential for scientific research, serving as the starting point for processes that deliver informed insights, of which aircraft fault analysis is not exempt. Data serves as the foundation for understanding phenomena, testing hypotheses, and drawing valid conclusions. For valid conclusions to be drawn in this research, data were mined to judge and validate the results gotten from the analysis of the fault and the proposed maintenance to be carried out in the future. The airframe parts that can develop faults were identified as the aircraft wings, fuselage, and landing gears. The materials used for the construction of these parts were investigated and identified as aluminium, titanium, composite materials, and steel. The parameters and their standard values under which the aircraft can perform ultimately were harvested through literature review. These parameters and their values characterize the materials identified for airframe construction and were used for pre-failure assessment. These parameters were used on a case study of selected airframes, and the results were as follows: wings made of aluminium 7050 having an ultimate stress of 317, maximum deformation of 12%, a factor of safety of 1.5, a first bending range of (5–20) Hz, a second bending range of (25–60) Hz, a torsional range of (20–50) Hz, a damping ratio range of (0.02–0.04), and a maximum temperature of 150℃; and a fuselage made of titanium grade 9 having an ultimate stress of 413, maximum deformation of 25%, a factor of safety of 1.5, a first bending range of (10–40) Hz, a second bending range of (50–120) Hz, a torsional range of (40–100) Hz, a damping ratio range of (0.01–0.03), and a maximum temperature of 315℃.