Potentially toxic element levels in the Eocene sandstones from Gumushane area (NE Turkey)
Keywords:
Plastic injection parameters, genetic algorithm, response surface methodology, finite element analysis
Abstract
The aim of this study, the level of potentially toxic elements (Zn, Cu, Sc, Co, Pb, Ni, As, Hg) was determined in Eocene sandstone samples in Gümüşhane area (NE Turkey). The potentially toxicity of studied elements was defined by evaluating enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). On average, the potentially toxic elements follow a decreasing concentration order, that is, Zn>Cu>Sc>Co>Pb>Ni>As>Hg in the Eski Gümüşhane section and Zn>Ni>As>Pb>Cu>Sc>Co>Hg in the Kelkit section in Gumushane area. A positive correlation exists between total organic carbon (TOC) and Ni, Hg in study area. The As, Ni and Hg are particularly enriched in sandstone samples. The sandstone samples were unpolluted to moderately polluted by Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Sc, Hg and moderately polluted by As. The high As levels in the Eocene sandstone samples from Gümüşhane area probably originated from agricultural activities. Proper measures should be taken by authorities to ensure appropriate use of fertilizer and insecticides.
References
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[29] Saydam Eker Ç, Akpınar İ, Sipahi F. Organic geochemistry and element distribution in coals formed in Eocene Lagoon facies from the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci. 2016; 25: 467-489.
[30] Güven İH. 1/100.000 scaled geological map series of Turkey. No.57-60. MTA Publication, Ankara; 1993.
[31] Saydam Eker Ç. Petrography and Geochemistry of Eocene sandstones from eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for source area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting, Geochemistry International. 2012; 50: 8, 683-701.
[32] Sutherland AA. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol. 2000; 39: 611-627.
[33] World Health Organization (WHO). Environmental Health Criteria 221 Zinc. World Health organization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2001.
[34] Hanif N, Eqani S, Ali AM, Cincinelli A, Ali N, Katsoyyiannis IA, Tanveer ZI, Bokhari H. Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan. J Geochem Explor. 2016;165:62-70.
[35] Saydam Eker Ç, Sipahi F, Özkan Ö, Gümüş MK. Evaluation of potentially toxic element contents and Pb isotopic compositions in Ankara Stream sediments within an urban catchment in central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017;76: 647, 1-19.
[36] Bouchez J, Gaillardet J, France-Lanord C, Maurice L, Dutra-Maia P. Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles. Geochem Geophys Geosys. 2001; 12: 1-24.
[37] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace Element in Soils and Plants. London: CRC Press; 2001.
[38] Zhang L, Ye X, Feng H, Jing Y. Ouyang T, Yu X, Liang R, Gao C, Chen W. Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2007; 54: 974-982.
[39] Zahra A, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Ahmed Z. Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah –Feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservior, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 470: 925-933.
[40] Ghrefat HA, Abu-Rukah Y, Rosen MA. Applicationof geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessments. 2011; 178 (1-4): 95-109.
[41] Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo Journal. 1969; 2 (3): 108-118.
[42] Müller G. The Heavy Metal Pollution of the Sediments of Neckars and its Tributary: A Stocktaking. Chemiker Zeitung. 1981; 105: 157-164.
[43] Aiman U, Mahmood A, Waheed S Malik RN. Enrichment, geoaccumulation and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahorecity, Pakistan. Chemosphere. 2016; 144: 2229–2237.
[44] Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol Soc Am Bull. 1961;72 (2): 175-192.
[45] Abrahim GMS, Parker RJ. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;136 (1-3): 227–238..
[2] Nesbitt HW, Young GM. Early Proteozoic Climate and Plate Motions Ä°nferred from Major Element Chemistry of Lutites, Nature. 1982; 299: 715-717.
[3] Bhatia MR, Crook KAW. Trace Element Characteristics of Graywackes and Tectonic Setting Discrimination of Sedimantary Basin, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 1986; 92: 181-193.
[4] Cullers RL, Baret T, Carlson R, Robinson B. Rare earth element and mineralogical changes in Holocene soil and stream sediment: a case study in the Wet Mountains Colorado, USA. Chem Geol. 1987; 63:275-295.
[5] Gaillardet J, Dupre B, Allegre CJ. Geochemistry of large river suspended sediments: Silicate weathering or recycling tracer? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1999; 63: 4037-4051.
[6] Sing SK, France-Leonard C. Tracing the distribution of erosion in the Brahmaputra watershed from isotopic composition of stream sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002; 202: 645-662.
[7] Garzanti E, Andò S, France-Lanord C, Vezzoli G, Najman Y. Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments. 1. Bedload sand (Ganga-Brahmaputra, Bangladesh). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2010; 299: 368–381.
[8] Garzanti E, Andò S, France-Lanord C, Galy V, Censi P, Vignola P. Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments. 2. Suspended-load silt (Ganga-Brahmaputra, Bangladesh). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2011; 302: 107–120.
[9] Saydam Eker C, Korkmaz S. Mineralogy and whole rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous sandstones from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogy-Abhandlungen. 2011;188/3: 235-256.
[10] Lupker M, France-Lanord C, Galy V, Lavé J, Gaillardet J, Prasad-Gajurel A, Guilmetre C, Rahman M, Kumar-Singh S, Sinha, R. Predominant floodplain over mountain weathering of Himalayan sediments (Ganga basin). Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. 2012; 84: 410-432.
[11] Sharma A, Sensarma S, Kumar K, Khanna PP, Saini NK. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Mahi River sediments in tectonically active western India: Implications for Deccan large igneous province source, weathering and mobility of elements in a semi-arid climate. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta. 2013; 104: 63-83.
[12] Feng R, Kerrich R. Geochemistry of fine-grained clastic sediments in the Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada: implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1990; 54 (4): 1061–1081.
[13] Nesbitt HW, Young GM, McLennan SM, Keays RR. Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis ofs Siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies. J. Geol. 1996; 104 (5): 525–542.
[14] Sing P, Rajamani, V. Geochemistry of the Floodplain Sediments of the Kaveri River, Southern IndiaJ. Sedimentary Research. 2001; 71(1): 50-60.
[15] Kim K-W, Myung J-H, Ahn JS, Chon H-T. Heavy metal contaminationin dust and stream sediments in the Taeojen area, Korea. J. Geochem. Explor. 1998; 64: 409-419.
[16] Wu S, Zhou S, Li X. Determining the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metal accumulation around a typical industrial town: Xushe, China. J Geochem Explor. 2011;110: 92-97.
[17] Wijaya AW, Ouchi AK, Tanaka K, Cohen MD, Sirirattanachai S, Shinjo R, Ohde Shigeru. Evalutaion og heavy metal contents and Pb isotopic composition in the Chao Phraya River sediments: Implication for anthropogenic inputs from urbanized areas, Bankok. J Geochem Explor. 2013;126-127: 45-54.
[18] Yılmaz Y. Petrology and Structure of the Gümüşhane granite and surroundings Rocks, North-Eastern Anatolia [thesis]. London: London University; 1972.
[19] Okay AI, Şahintürk Ö. Geology of the eastern Pontides regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. In: Robinson AG, editor. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. 1997; 68: 291-311.
[20] Topuz G, Altherr R, Kalt A, Satır M, Werner O, Schwarz W. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt exctraction and crystallization. Lithos. 2004;72: 183–207.
[21] Dokuz A. A Slab Detachment and Delamination Model for the Generation of Carboniferous High-Potassium I-type Magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: The Köse Composite Pluton. Gondwana Research. 2011;19: 926-944.
[22] Kaygusuz, A., Arslan, M., Sipahi, F., Temizel, İ. U-Pb zircon chronology and petrogenesis of Carboniferous plutons in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Constraints for Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic evolution. Gondwana Research. 2016; 39, 327–346.
[23] EyuboÄŸlu Y, Dilek Y, Bozkurt E, BektaÅŸ O, Rojay B, Åžen C. Structure and geochemistry of an Alaskan-type ultramafic-mafic complex in the eastern Pontdes, NE Turkey. Gondwana Research 2010; 18:230-252.
[24] Kandemir R. Gümüşhane ve Yakın Yöresindeki Erken-Orta Jura Yaşlı Şenköy Formasyonu’nun Çökel Özellikleri ve Birikim Koşulları [thesis]. Trabzon: University of Karadeniz Tecnical; 2004.
[25] Pelin S. Alucra (Giresun) Güneydoğu Yöresinin Petrol Olanakları Bakımından İncelenmesi [thesis]. Trabzon: University of Karadeniz Tecnical; 1977.
[26] Tokel S. Stratigraphical and Volcanic History of the Gümüşhane Region (NE Turkey) [thesis]. London; University of College; 1972.
[27] Kaygusuz A, Åžahin K. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Mescitli area, Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science. 2016; 5 (2): 473-486.
[28] Kaygusuz A. K/Ar ages and geochemistry of the post-collisional volcanic rocks in the Ilıca (Erzurum) area, eastern Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie, 2009; 186/1: 21–36.
[29] Saydam Eker Ç, Akpınar İ, Sipahi F. Organic geochemistry and element distribution in coals formed in Eocene Lagoon facies from the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci. 2016; 25: 467-489.
[30] Güven İH. 1/100.000 scaled geological map series of Turkey. No.57-60. MTA Publication, Ankara; 1993.
[31] Saydam Eker Ç. Petrography and Geochemistry of Eocene sandstones from eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Implications for source area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting, Geochemistry International. 2012; 50: 8, 683-701.
[32] Sutherland AA. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol. 2000; 39: 611-627.
[33] World Health Organization (WHO). Environmental Health Criteria 221 Zinc. World Health organization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2001.
[34] Hanif N, Eqani S, Ali AM, Cincinelli A, Ali N, Katsoyyiannis IA, Tanveer ZI, Bokhari H. Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan. J Geochem Explor. 2016;165:62-70.
[35] Saydam Eker Ç, Sipahi F, Özkan Ö, Gümüş MK. Evaluation of potentially toxic element contents and Pb isotopic compositions in Ankara Stream sediments within an urban catchment in central Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017;76: 647, 1-19.
[36] Bouchez J, Gaillardet J, France-Lanord C, Maurice L, Dutra-Maia P. Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles. Geochem Geophys Geosys. 2001; 12: 1-24.
[37] Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace Element in Soils and Plants. London: CRC Press; 2001.
[38] Zhang L, Ye X, Feng H, Jing Y. Ouyang T, Yu X, Liang R, Gao C, Chen W. Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2007; 54: 974-982.
[39] Zahra A, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Ahmed Z. Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah –Feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservior, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 470: 925-933.
[40] Ghrefat HA, Abu-Rukah Y, Rosen MA. Applicationof geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessments. 2011; 178 (1-4): 95-109.
[41] Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo Journal. 1969; 2 (3): 108-118.
[42] Müller G. The Heavy Metal Pollution of the Sediments of Neckars and its Tributary: A Stocktaking. Chemiker Zeitung. 1981; 105: 157-164.
[43] Aiman U, Mahmood A, Waheed S Malik RN. Enrichment, geoaccumulation and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahorecity, Pakistan. Chemosphere. 2016; 144: 2229–2237.
[44] Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol Soc Am Bull. 1961;72 (2): 175-192.
[45] Abrahim GMS, Parker RJ. Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environ Monit Assess. 2008;136 (1-3): 227–238..
Published
2020-07-04
How to Cite
Saydam Eker, C. (2020). Potentially toxic element levels in the Eocene sandstones from Gumushane area (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 9(1), 1374-1385. Retrieved from http://journaleras.com/index.php/jeras/article/view/196
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