Geochemical Baseline Establishment for Exploration and Environmental Assessment: The Soil–Rock Relationship in the Gümüşhane Granitoid, Eastern Pontides, Türkiye
Abstract
Geochemical baseline data are essential for both mineral exploration and environmental assessment, particularly in regions where naturally elevated element concentrations may mask or mimic mineralization-related anomalies. This study establishes robust soil and rock geochemical baselines for the Early–Late Carboniferous Gümüşhane Granitoid, a key lithological unit situated within one of Türkiye’s major metallogenic provinces in the Eastern Pontides. A total of 16 granitoid and 34 overlying soil samples were analyzed using ICP–MS, and the resulting dataset was evaluated through descriptive statistics, Pollution Index (PI), and Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) calculations.
The granitoid bedrock exhibits PI values close to 1.0 and Igeo values near −0.5 for major oxides, indicating compositions consistent with typical upper continental crust and reflecting unmodified lithogeochemical signatures. Trace-element patterns reveal notable depletions in Co, Cs, V, Ni, and Pb, whereas slight enrichments in Ba, Ga, Y, and rare earth elements likely reflect secondary mineral phases or mild hydrothermal modification. Soil samples, however, display markedly elevated PI values (>1.5) for a broad suite of elements including P, Mn, As, Y, Cd, Sn, Sb, REEs, Pb, Th, and U, demonstrating that soils developed on the granitoid host naturally enriched background levels far above global crustal averages.
Median, MAD, and Median + 2×MAD thresholds were used to identify conservative and high-level anomaly limits, offering a statistically robust framework suited for non-normally distributed soil datasets. These locally calibrated thresholds provide critical guidance for mineral exploration, as reliance solely on universal crustal reference values could lead to false anomaly detection. From an environmental perspective, the established background levels allow for a more accurate distinction between natural geochemical signatures and anthropogenic contributions.
Overall, this study provides the first integrated soil–rock geochemical baseline for the Gümüşhane Granitoid and delivers a scientifically rigorous reference framework for both exploration geochemistry and environmental monitoring across the Eastern Pontides.
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