Design and Experimental Investigation of Air-Cooled Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles
Abstract
Efforts are made to reduce the biggest problems of climate change by protecting the environment and reducing pollution. 23% of the pollution belongs to the automotive sector. Great efforts are being made to develop electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) to replace existing internal combustion engine technology. The battery pack is the largest component of electric and hybrid vehicles. While some or all hybrid electric vehicles are electric, electric vehicles are fully powered by the battery pack. Lithium-ion batteries, which have high energy and power density, are widely used due to their long life and environmental friendliness. However, reduced performance at low and high temperatures, depletion of battery cell durability and life, and safety risks from thermal leaks make a battery thermal management system essential for the battery pack. In this study, a battery pack consisting of 18 cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells and a battery case with three different designs were designed and manufactured. With this structure, cooling experiments of the air-cooled battery thermal management system were carried out. Experiments were first started without using the cooling system. To charge the battery pack, a charge of up to 25.2 volts at a 3-ampere current is provided for 60 minutes. The discharge experiments, which lasted for 20 minutes, were carried out under a load of 327.6 watts. In order to see the effect of air flow rate on cooling, the fan was used at two different speed values. Considering the charge and discharge conditions in three designs; The power consumption of 6 experimental fans was 3.68 watts. The other 6 experiments were carried out with the fan running at a power consumption of 1,984 watts. With the charge and discharge experiments performed without using the cooling system, 14 experiments were completed. All experiments were carried out at room conditions (25 ℃). In order to see the temperature homogeneity in the battery box, the highest and lowest temperature values were examined.
References
[2] R. Sindhu, G. Amba Prasad Rao, and K. Madhu Murthy, “Effective reduction of NOx emissions from diesel engine using split injections”, Alexandria Eng. J., c. 57, sayı 3, ss. 1379–1392, Eyl. 2018.
[3] Ü. Ağbulut, F. Polat, and S. Sarıdemir, “A comprehensive study on the influences of different types of nano-sized particles usage in diesel-bioethanol blends on combustion, performance, and environmental aspects”, Energy, c. 229, s. 120548, Ağu. 2021.
[4] Ü. AĞBULUT and H. BAKIR, “The Investigation on Economic and Ecological Impacts of Tendency to Electric Vehicles Instead of Internal Combustion Engines”, Duzce Univ. J. Sci. Technol., c. 7, sayı 1, ss. 25–36, Oca. 2019.
[5] Ü. Ağbulut, M. K. Yeşilyurt, and S. Sarıdemir, “Wastes to energy: Improving the poor properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil with waste cooking oil methyl ester and waste fusel alcohol – A detailed assessment on the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a CI engine”, Energy, c. 222, s. 119942, May. 2021.
[6] Ahmad, T., & Zhang, D. (2020). A critical review of comparative global historical energy consumption and future demand: The story told so far. Energy Reports, 6, 1973-1991.
[7] M. Ali ÖZEL, “Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan Batarya Paketinin Termal Modeli Ve Analizi”, 2019.
[8] M. Çeçen, C. Yavuz, C. A. Tırmıkçı, S. Sarıkaya, and E. Yanıkoğlu, “Analysis and evaluation of distributed photovoltaic generation in electrical energy production and related regulations of Turkey”, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, c. 24, sayı 5, ss. 1321–1336, Tem. 2022.
[9] İ. Çetin, E. Sezici, M. Karabulut, E. Avci, and F. Polat, “A comprehensive review of battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles”, https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089221123975, Eyl. 2022.
[10] Y. Maral, M. Aktas, O. Erol, R. Ongun, and F. Polat, “An examinaion about thermal capacities of thermoelectric coolers in battery cooling systems”, J. Eng. Res. Appl. Sci., c. 6, sayı 2, ss. 703–710, 2017.
[11] J. Foreman-Peck, “An American and European technological difference: The early motor car power source”, https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2019.1590338, c. 61, sayı 7, ss. 1158–1174, Eki. 2019.
[12] F. Polat, “Performance and emission behaviors of a CI engine fueled by waste feedstocks at varying compression ratios”:, https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089221074845, Şub. 2022.
[13] M. KILINÇEL, E. TOKLU, and F. POLAT, “Influence of A Novel Catalysis on The Pyrolysis Yields Obtained by Two Different Reactors”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilim. Enstitüsü Derg., c. 6, sayı 2, ss. 317–327, 2020.
[14] A. T. Sipra, N. Gao, and H. Sarwar, “Municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis for bio-fuel production: A review of effects of MSW components and catalysts”, Fuel Process. Technol., c. 175, sayı November 2017, ss. 131–147, 2018.
[15] Ü. Ağbulut, S. Sarıdemir, U. Rajak, F. Polat, A. Afzal, and T. N. Verma, “Effects of high-dosage copper oxide nanoparticles addition in diesel fuel on engine characteristics”, Energy, c. 229, s. 120611, Ağu. 2021.
[16] Ü. Ağbulut, “Understanding the role of nanoparticle size on energy, exergy, thermoeconomic, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of an IC engine: A thermodynamic approach”, Fuel Process. Technol., c. 225, s. 107060, Oca. 2022.
[17] Ü. Ağbulut, A. E. Gürel, and S. Sarıdemir, “Experimental investigation and prediction of performance and emission responses of a CI engine fuelled with different metal-oxide based nanoparticles–diesel blends using different machine learning algorithms”, Energy, c. 215, 2021.
[18] S. Tamilselvi et al., “A Review on Battery Modelling Techniques”, Sustain. 2021, Vol. 13, Page 10042, c. 13, sayı 18, s. 10042, Eyl. 2021.
[19] T. Talluri, T. Kim, K. S.- Energies, and undefined 2020, “Analysis of a battery pack with a phase change material for the extreme temperature conditions of an electrical vehicle”, mdpi.com.
[20] C. Zhao et al., “Hybrid battery thermal management system in electrical vehicles: A review”, mdpi.com.
[21] J. Kim, J. Oh, and H. Lee, “Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles”, Appl. Therm. Eng., c. 149, ss. 192–212, Şub. 2019.
[22] Y. Li et al., “Optimization of thermal management system for Li-ion batteries using phase change material”, Appl. Therm. Eng., c. 131, ss. 766–778, Şub. 2018.
[23] R. Jilte, A. Afzal, and S. Panchal, “A novel battery thermal management system using nano-enhanced phase change materials”, Energy, c. 219, s. 119564, 2021.
[24] J. Shen, Y. Wang, G. Yu, ve H. Li, “Thermal Management of Prismatic Lithium-Ion Battery with Minichannel Cold Plate”, J. Energy Eng., c. 146, sayı 1, s. 04019033, Şub. 2020.
[25] M. Subramanian et al., “A technical review on composite phase change material based secondary assisted battery thermal management system for electric vehicles”, J. Clean. Prod., c. 322, s. 129079, Kas. 2021.
[26] R. Ren, Y. Zhao, Y. Diao, L. Liang, and H. Jing, “Active air cooling thermal management system based on U-shaped micro heat pipe array for lithium-ion battery”, J. Power Sources, c. 507, s. 230314, Eyl. 2021.
[27] T. Wang, K. Tseng, J. Z.-A. T. Engineering, ve undefined 2015, “Development of efficient air-cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery module based on empirical heat source model”, Elsevier.
[28] D. G. Kröger, Air-cooled Heat exchangers and Cooling Towers: Thermal-Flow Performance Evaluation and Design:V1, c. 1. 2004.
[29] F. Zhang, P. Liu, Y. He, and S. Li, “Cooling performance optimization of air cooling lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on multiple secondary outlets and baffle”, J. Energy Storage, c. 52, s. 104678, Ağu. 2022.
[30] X. Li, J. Zhao, J. Yuan, J. Duan, and C. Liang, “Simulation and analysis of air cooling configurations for a lithium-ion battery pack”, J. Energy Storage, c. 35, s. 102270, Mar. 2021.
[31] K. A. M. Alharbi, G. F. Smaisim, S. M. Sajadi, M. A. Fagiy, H. Aybar, and S. E. Elkhatib, “Numerical study of lozenge, triangular and rectangular arrangements of lithium-ion batteries in their thermal management in a cooled-air cooling system”, J. Energy Storage, c. 52, s. 104786, Ağu. 2022.
